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21.
Recent studies have shown the capabilities of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phases for frequency transfer based
on the observations from geodetic GPS receivers driven by stable atomic clocks. This kind of receiver configuration is the
kind primarily used within the framework of the International GPS Service (IGS). The International GPS Service/Bureau International
des Poids et Mesures (IGS/BIPM) pilot project aims at taking advantage of these GPS receivers to enlarge the network of Time
Laboratories contributing to the realization of the International Atomic Time (TAI).
In this article, we outline the theory necessary to describe the abilities and limitations of time and frequency transfer
using the GPS code and carrier phase observations. We report on several onsite tests and evaluate the present setup of our
12-channel IGS receiver (BRUS), which uses a hydrogen maser as an external frequency reference, to contribute to the IGS/BIPM
pilot project.
In the initial experimental setup, the receivers had a common external frequency reference; in the second setup, separate
external frequency references were used. Independent external clock monitoring provided the necessary information to validate
the results. Using two receivers with a common frequency reference and connected to the same antenna, a zero baseline, we
were able to use the carrier phase data to derive a frequency stability of 6 × 10−16 for averaging times of one day. The main limitation in the technique originates from small ambient temperature variations
of a few degrees Celsius. While these temperature variations have no effect on the functioning of the GPS receiver within
the IGS network, they reduce the capacities of the frequency transfer results based on the carrier phase data. We demonstrate
that the synchronization offset at the initial measurement epoch can be estimated from a combined use of the code and carrier
phase observations. In our test, the discontinuity between two consecutive days was about 140 ps. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 相似文献
22.
Correction of inertial oscillations by assimilation of HF radar data in a model of the Ligurian Sea 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article aims at analyzing if high-frequency radar observations of surface currents allow to improve model forecasts in the Ligurian Sea, where inertial oscillations are a dominant feature. An ensemble of ROMS models covering the Ligurian Sea, and nested in the Mediterranean Forecasting System, is coupled with two WERA high-frequency radars. A sensitivity study allows to determine optimal parameters for the ensemble filter. By assimilating observations in a single point, the obtained correction shows that the forecast error covariance matrix represents the inertial oscillations, as well as large- and meso-scale processes. Furthermore, it is shown that the velocity observations can correct the phase and amplitude of the inertial oscillations. Observations are shown to have a strong effect during approximately half a day, which confirms the importance of using a high temporal observation frequency. In general, data assimilation of HF radar observations leads to a skill score of about 30% for the forecasts of surface velocity. 相似文献
23.
Jean-Marie Auzende Daniel Bideau Enrico Bonatti Mathilde Cannat José Honnorez Yves Lagabrielle Jacques Malavieille Vassilios Mamaloukas-Frangoulis Catherine Mével 《地学学报》1990,2(1):68-73
One of the two objectives of the Vemanaute cruise of the French deep submersible Nautile, was the geological study of the eastern intersection area between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and the Vema Fracture Zone in the equatorial Atlantic. Fourteen dives were conducted that allowed detailed geological survey and sampling of the main morphostructural units of this area: the northern and southern walls of the fracture zone, the median ridge, the northern and southern troughs and the nodal basin. In situ observations of recent tectonic features such as furrows, ridges and circular depressions, concentrated within the southern trough, allowed us to establish the location and the size of the present-day displacement zone. Geological investigations have shown that the nodal basin is entirely floored by basalts thus contrasting with other equivalent areas such as the Kane and Oceanographer fracture zone-MAR eastern intersections. Finally, this study stresses the great opposition between the relatively old and tectonically inactive northern part of the fracture, and the southern part which shows active tectonics and recent volcanic activity. 相似文献
24.
Blandine Clozel Jean-Marie Gaite Jean-Pierre Muller 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1995,22(6):351-356
Trapped holes located on Al-O-Al bonds in kaolinite were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) at 9.3 and 35 GHz applied to well-crystallized, X-ray irradiated and oriented samples. The Q-band EPR spectrum is characterized by three clearly separated groups of 11 quasi-equidistant superhyperfine lines centered at gxx=2.040±0.0005, gyy=2.020±0.0005 and gzz=2.002±0.001. In each of these groups, the 11 superhyperfine lines exhibit intensities according to the ratios 12345654321. An angular dependence of the Q-band EPR spectrum with respect to the magnetic field is demonstrated by measurements on oriented films of kaolinite. An appropriate numerical treatment of the EPR spectra is described, which allowed extraction of the SuperHyperfine Structures (SHFS). X-and Q-band spectra have also been simulated. It is concluded from these experiments that only one type of center is present. This center, labelled the B-center in the literature, is very probably a hole trapped on oxygen (O- center) atoms coupled to two octahedral aluminium. 相似文献
25.
P. Choukroune J. Francheteau B. Auvray J. M. Auzende J. P. Brun B. Sichler F. Arthaud J. C. Lepine 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1988,9(2):147-163
The results of 26 dives with the diving saucer Cyana in the Gulf of Tadjoura and Ghoubbet al Kharab (Republic of Djibouti) are presented. One can demonstrate that the sites of recent volcanism, tectonics and hydrothermal activity within the axial part of the Gulf of Tadjoura coincide with topographic highs trending at a high angle (azimuth 135°) with respect to the average trend of the axial trough of the Gulf (azimuth 080°). The highs owe their relief to both volcanism and normal faulting along a trend of 130–140°. Recent faulting on the bounding walls of the axial trough is also found along a trend of 130–140° where the faults interfere with another set of apparently older faults trending 070° parallel to the axial trough. Spacing between the active zones of the Gulf is regular and about 30 km. No evidence for transform faulting has been found, in contradiction to all previous kinematic models of the Gulf of Tadjoura. There is evidence that the presently active phase of opening associated with 130–140° faults is less than 0.7 my old and that there was an older phase associated with 070°–080° faults creating the main trough of the Gulf. The basaltic lavas created during the two phases have evolved from transitional to tholeiitic. 相似文献
26.
Sedimentary record of redox-sensitive elements (U, Mn, Mo) in a transitory anoxic basin (the Thau lagoon, France) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Franoise Elbaz-Poulichet Jean Luc Seidel Didier Jzquel Edouard Metzger Franois Prvot Caroline Simonucci Grard Sarazin Eric Viollier Henri Etcheber Jean-Marie Jouanneau Olivier Weber Olivier Radakovitch 《Marine Chemistry》2005,95(3-4):271-281
In order to further document the relation between redox conditions and the sedimentary record of Mn, U and Mo in a transitory anoxic water basin, their distribution has been studied along two profiles in the Thau lagoon (France). Sediments and pore-water have been sampled at two contrasting sites located, respectively, in the shellfish-farming area and in the centre of the lagoon. In the shellfish-farming area, the particulate organic carbon (POC) data indicate a more rapid organic matter mineralisation compared to the centre of the lagoon. This results in a sharper redox gradient characterized by the appearance of H2S in pore-water a few millimetres below the sediment–water interface. In the centre of the lagoon, H2S appears at a depth of 35 cm.In both cores, sedimentary Mn is relatively depleted through out the whole sedimentary column and varies with the proportion of clay minerals. After an initial release into solution at the sediment–water interface in relation to Mn-oxide reductive dissolution, authigenic U is immobilized when sulphides appear. Despite the occurrence of anoxic conditions at the sediment–water interface at the site influenced by shellfish farming, the burial of U is reduced by bioturbation, which raises reducing sediments to the surface. In the centre of the lagoon, Mo profiles reflect continuous diffusion into pore water and immobilization at 15 cm probably in anoxic microenvironments. At shellfish farms, dissolved Mo undergoes removal with sulphides but contrary to U, sedimentary Mo does not appear to be strongly affected by bioturbation. The profile indicates an increase in the frequency of anoxia crises during the second half of the 20th century. 相似文献
27.
Karsten Grunewald Jörg Scheithauer Jean-Marie Monget Derek Brown 《Climatic change》2009,95(3-4):535-549
The Pirin Mountains in southwest Bulgaria spatially mark a transition between the Mediterranean and temperate climate zones. Therefore they are also particularly relevant for research on high mountain climate and the effect of landscape transformation. Historical climate records gathered in the area have been researched, checked and statistically examined. The mountainous climate has been characterised and trends in the evolution of temperature and precipitation since 1931 have been outlined. There are objective evidences for an increasing annual mean temperature, longer vegetative periods and local droughts in spring and autumn. Significant changes also appear in climatic threshold values such as the number of frost change days. This last parameter is very important for the sustainability of mountainous ecosystems. 相似文献
28.
Philippe Paillou Ahmed El Barkooky Aly Barakat Jean-Marie Malezieux Bruno Reynard Jean Dejax Essam Heggy 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(16):1491-1500
Using orbital imaging radar, we have detected a large number of circular structures in the southwestern Egyptian desert, covering more than 4500 km2 close to the Gilf Kebir plateau in sandstones of Upper Cretaceous. Fieldwork confirmed that it is a new impact crater field: 13 craters from 20 m to 1 km in diameter were studied. The impact origin is confirmed by the observation of shock-related structures, such as shatter cones and planar fractures in quartz grains of breccia. Considering the extension of the crater field, it was possibly created by several meteorites that broke up when entering the atmosphere. To cite this article: P. Paillou et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).
Résumé
À partir d'images satellites issues de systèmes radar, nous avons détecté un grand nombre de structures circulaires dans le Sud-Ouest du désert égyptien, s'étendant sur plus de 4500 km2 à l'est du plateau du Gilf Kebir, dans des grès du Crétacé supérieur. Une étude sur le terrain a permis de vérifier qu'il s'agit d'un champ d'impacts météoritiques jusque là inconnu : 13 structures, d'un diamètre compris entre 20 m et 1 km, ont été reconnues comme cratères d'impact. La présence d'un grand nombre de cônes de percussion et de brèches dans lesquelles des quartz choqués à structures planaires ont été observés confirment l'hypothèse de l'impact. Considérant l'extension du champ d'impact, il a probablement été créé par plusieurs météorites qui se sont fragmentées dans l'atmosphère terrestre. Pour citer cet article : P. Paillou et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献29.
Jean-Marie Dautria Delphine Bosch Jean-Michel Liotard 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(8):527-536
Lherzolite xenoliths with calcite-rich microgranular secondary aggregates (0.1–1 mm) have been sampled in a Messinian breccia pipe from the northeastern part of the Languedoc volcanic province (South France). Their study shows that the carbonate crystallized at low pressure from a silico-carbonated melt resulting from partial melting of diopside and spinel at depth. This melting has been induced by injection, shortly before the eruption, of CO2 and H2O-rich fluids, stored probably within the upper lithospheric mantle and reset in motion by the magma ascension. These fluids would derive from decarbonation of levels of deeper lithospheric mantle previously metasomatized by carbonatitic melts. To cite this article: J.-M. Dautria et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
30.
Fluoride concentrations have been determined in major French rivers and estuaries. The unpolluted estuary in the Loire has been compared with the Seine, Gironde and Charente where important discharges occur. Natural dissolved concentration can be multiplied by a factor of 30. Particulate fluorine concentration reach almost 2000 ppm in the Seine estuary. The percentage between free and complexed dissolved fluoride is not affected by the anthropic discharge. The present French rivers discharge of fluoride is 700% higher than the pristine value. At a global scale, dissolved fluoride has probably increased by 25% compared with the natural situation. 相似文献